Circularity in Everett's measurement theory
There is a serious deficiency in Everett's original paper
Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 (1957), 454-462,
reprinted in pp. 315-323 of the reprint volume
'Quantum theory and measurement' by Wheeler and Zurek,
Everett claims that his theory is one without the
need for state reduction (what he calls 'process 1').
But when he discusses observation, he brings in at the very
beginning an apparently innocent additional concept, that of a
'good observation'. The formal definition of the latter
is the sentence around (10)-(11) of his paper.
According to Everett, a 'good observation' is an interaction
that transforms each state (phi_S tensor psi_O) such that
phi_S is a fixed eigenstate of the measured variable with
eigenvalue alpha into a state (phi_S tensor psi_O(alpha))
where psi_O(alpha) belongs to a set X(alpha) of states
which belong to the awareness of alpha. In particular, this
entails that for different alpha, the sets X(alpha) must be
disjoint.
Since Everett only allows the unitary dynamics (his 'process 2',
see first line of his Section 3), any interaction
'in a specified period of time', must result in a unitary
mapping U on the state space of system plus observer.
Therefore, U corresponds a 'good observation' (of the system
in state Phi_S) iff there is a self-mapping psi_O -> psi_O(alpha)
of the observer state space X such that
U(phi_S tensor psi_O) = (phi_S tensor psi_O(alpha))
for all psi_O in X.
From his definition, we also see that the mapping
psi_O -> psi_O(alpha) maps X(alpha) into itself, and the whole
observer state space X into X(alpha). Since the interaction is
unitary, it is invertible; but the restriction of U to
phi_S tensor X can be invertible only if X(alpha)=X.
But this means that there is only a single eigenvalue alpha.
Therefore, under the assumptions made by Everett,
there are no 'good observations', and since his analysis of the
observational process depends on the latter, it is void of
any meaning.
Indeed, looking closer at the concept of a 'good observation',
one can see that it is the projection postulate in disguise.
(The above argument loses its power once one allows U to be
nonunitary.)
Thus Everett's analysis simply derives the projection postulate
by having assumed it, without any discussion, in disguise.
See also:
H. Stein,
The Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics:
Many worlds or none?
Nous 18 (1984), 635-652.
A. Kent,
Against many-worlds interpretations,
Int. J. Mod. Phys. A5 (1990), 1745.
E.J. Squires,
On an alleged 'proof' of the quantum probability law,
Phys. Lett. A145 (1990), 67-68.
A. Neumaier,
On the Many-Worlds-Interpretation
(1999), another entry of my theoretical physics FAQ.
Arnold Neumaier (Arnold.Neumaier@univie.ac.at)
A theoretical physics FAQ